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As sound symbolism is supposed to be a universal cognitive phenomenon, this research seeks to investigate whether iconic structures of Mandarin are embodied in native Chinese speakers’ language experience. However, quantitative analysis of sound-meaning association in Chinese has not been extensively developed, and little is known about the impact of sound symbolism in children’s literature. Iconicity is a fundamental property of spoken and signed languages. Together these results add to our understanding of the importance of non-arbitrariness in language. Finally, while previous studies have looked at effects of arbitrary and non-arbitrary mappings contained in a single stimulus, this is the first study to demonstrate that different kinds of non-arbitrary mappings can have an effect when appearing in the same stimulus. The results also show that sound symbolism can emerge in stimuli with existing associated information (i.e., endings indicative of grammatical gender, and the association that they evoke).
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These results demonstrate that speakers of a language with grammatical gender associate different properties to words belonging to different genders.
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As predicted, the English speakers showed no effects of grammatical gender, while the French speakers did. This was repeated using auditory presentation with both an English-speaking (Experiment 2a) and French-speaking (Experiment 2b) sample. French speakers also associated nonwords containing round-sounding (sharp-sounding) phonemes with round (sharp) shapes. In Experiment 1, we found that French speakers associated nonwords containing feminine (masculine) endings with round (sharp) shapes. We manipulated these two elements orthogonally, allowing us to examine the effect of each. Here we investigated two sources of non-arbitrariness: systematicity (via grammatical gender) and iconic-ity (via shape sound symbolism). While the arbitrariness of language has long been considered one of its defining features, there is growing evidence that non-arbitrariness also plays an important role.